摘要：
本文目錄希拉克參觀兵馬俑說的話英文導游詞如何說求秦陵兵馬俑景點中英文對照介紹我是一名導游,我要介紹秦兵馬俑,應該怎么介紹一、希拉克參觀兵馬俑說的話英文導游詞如何說... 本文目錄
一、希拉克參觀兵馬俑說的話英文導游詞如何說
很榮幸能為大家服務。今天我將帶領大家參觀號稱“世界第八大奇跡”的秦始皇兵馬俑博物館。秦俑博物館是一個專題性的博物館，是我國封建社會第一位皇帝-秦始皇陵墓的一個陪葬坑。
在參觀秦俑博物館之前，我先向大家簡單介紹一下秦始皇。秦始皇姓贏名政，他“奮六世之余烈”，建立了中國歷史上第一個統一的、多民族的、中央集權制的封建王朝-秦王朝。他認為自己德兼三皇，功過五帝，并且希望自己的子孫后代世襲，所以自稱“始皇帝”。為了鞏固政權，他建立了以皇帝為中心的三公九卿官僚制度，統一國家的法律、貨幣、度、量、衡和文字，以郡縣制取代了分封制。在統一全國之后，對內發展農業，對外發展經濟，并且采取遠交近攻政策，使國力不斷強盛。同時為了抵御匈奴的侵擾，還修筑了舉世聞名的萬里長城。正所謂“人無完人，金無赤金”，秦始皇雖然勤于政務，但是為了統一思想，他“焚書坑儒”，為了享樂，曾募集70萬刑徒修建“覆壓三百余里”的阿房宮，給人民造成了沉重的負擔。公元前210年，在出巡途中，秦始皇暴病死于河北沙丘，終年50歲，死后葬驪山腳下的陵墓之中。
中國皇帝大都為自己營造巨大而豪華的陵墓。秦始皇也不例外。他在13歲即位時，就下令為自己修建陵墓。秦始皇陵墓南靠驪山，北面與渭水相鄰。驪山風景如畫、綠樹成蔭，據史書記載：“驪山山南多美玉，山北多黃金”，秦始皇正是貪其美名而葬在這里的。在中國古代，帝王陵墓在建設上都遵循：“雖死猶生”的思想，而秦始皇陵就是依照當時的秦咸陽宮的規模修建的。那么秦陵地宮的內部到底埋藏多少奇珍異寶呢？據《史記》記載：秦陵“穿三泉，下銅而致槨。宮觀百官，奇器珍怪，徒藏滿之。令匠作機弩矢，有穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海，上具天文，下具地理。以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。”史記只對秦陵內部做了大概的描述，陵內的實況，我們只能等到陵墓發掘的那一天了，相信到時候一定會引起全世界考古界的轟動。
1974年3月，臨潼縣西楊村村民楊志發在距離秦始皇陵東1.5公里的地方打井時，意外地發現了許多陶人碎片，經考古工作者探測，這是一個長方形的兵馬俑坑。1976年通過鉆探，在此坑的北側20米和25米處分別又發現了兩處兵馬俑坑。按照它們發現的時間定名為兵馬俑一、二、三號坑。三個坑的總面積為20780平方米。這一發現震驚中外，為了妥善保護這些罕見的、具有重要歷史價值的文物，在遺址上修建了秦兵馬俑博物館。1978年9月法國前總理希拉克參觀兵馬俑后留言：“世界上原有七大奇跡，秦俑的發現可以說是第八大奇跡了。不看金字塔不算真正到過埃及，不看秦俑不算真正到過中國”。這段話廣為流傳，現在“世界第八大奇跡”已成為秦俑的代名詞，這里被列為中國十大名勝之一，還被聯合國教科文組織宣布為世界文化遺產。
秦俑坑是秦軍的縮影，它生動地再現了當時秦國兵強馬壯的威武場面，李白在詩中描寫的“秦王掃六合，虎視何雄哉！揮劍決浮云，諸侯盡西來。”生動地描述了秦軍的氣勢！
我們現在來到的就是一號坑，它是整個軍陣的主體，也是三個俑坑中面積最大的一個。它東西長230米，南北寬62米，深5米，面積14260平方米。為坑道式土木建筑結構，東西兩端各有斜坡門道5個，坑道內有10個2.5米寬的夯土隔墻，把整個俑坑分為中間9條直通道、四周回旋相同的坑道。隔墻上架著粗大的橫梁，再鋪蘆席、細泥和填土，底部以青磚墁鋪。一號坑按實戰軍陣排列，為步兵和戰車組成的一個長方形的軍陣，由前鋒、主體、側翼、后衛四部分組成。我們現在看到的面東而立的就是前鋒部隊，南北西端各有一排面外側立的武士俑是側翼和后衛，他們是為了防止敵人旁敲側擊和從背后偷襲。中間有38路面東而立的縱隊，這就是主體部分。從這里也體現了古代軍陣布陣的一個重要原則“前鋒必銳，整體必宏”。也就是說把一個軍陣比喻成一把劍，如果一個軍陣沒有精銳的前鋒，那么這個軍陣就像是一把無鋒的劍，便失去了殺傷力，可見前鋒部隊的重要了。
一號坑以北20米，就是秦始皇兵馬俑的二號坑了。平面呈曲尺形，面積為6000平方米。是由步兵、騎兵、車兵、弩兵共同組成的軍陣，由4個小陣組成，這四個單元有機聯系構成一個大陣，又可以分開構成四個獨立的小陣，能攻能守，自我保護能力強，反應迅速，可以說是世界上反應最快速的一支部隊。二號坑的四個單元中有三個單元配有車兵，戰車占到整個軍陣面積的半數以上，證明在秦代車兵仍為作戰的主要兵種。
三號坑在一號坑以北25米，面積520平方米，平面呈凹字形，是三個俑坑中面積最小的一個。僅出土了４馬１車和68個陶俑。這些陶俑的排列形式與一、二號坑完全不同。一、二號坑是按實戰軍陣排列的，而三號坑則是面向內相向夾道式排列
二、求秦陵兵馬俑景點中英文對照介紹
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum.
Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.
In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.
After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”
Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.
No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.
No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep, covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.
No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.
No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.
The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.
Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.
In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.
The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.
No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.
今天，我們將參觀秦兵馬俑博物館。秦兵馬俑博物館位于酉安市東35公里處，從喜來登酒店坐車到那里大約需要50分鐘時間。自秦兵馬俑博物館于1979年10月1日開館至今，已有為效眾多國家的黨政首腦都參觀過這個博物館，更有數以百萬計的中外游客不遠干里來參觀這個人類奇跡。法國總統希拉克曾留言說過：“世界上原有七大奇跡，秦兵馬俑的發現，可以說是第八大奇跡了。不看金字塔．不算真正到過埃及‘不看秦俑，不算真正到過中國。”美國前副總統蒙代爾也說；“這是真正的奇跡。全世界人民都應該到這里看一看。”從這些高度凝練的話語中，我們不難看出秦俑的歷史價值及藝術價值。下面，我想把秦始皇這位成就一代偉業的歷史巨人介紹給諸位，以便使大家能對秦始皇兵馬俑和與之相關的歷史有一個較詳盡的了解。
談秦兵馬俑，必須先介紹一下面贏政。公元前259年，一代偉人贏政誕生了。13歲時，其父死后．他繼承了王位。按照泰國慣例．國王在22歲舉行過“加冕禮”以后，才可以親自執政。當時．秦國的大權仍攀握在太后、相國呂不韋、宦官謬癟(160 6i)手中。特別是螺貞．手握大權，炙手可熱，他見宛改逐漸長大，便陰謀叛亂．奪取政權。公元前238年，22歲的贏政去故都雍城納新年宮舉行加冕禮。謬酉在從霸年宮回咸陽的路上埋下伏兵，準備將贏政殺死。當贏政察覺此事后，憑優勢兵力訂敗鑼盔，將其生擒并車裂致死。贏政親致以后．以呂不韋放縱嫁亮為名，放逐日不韋。呂不韋后來飲毒灑自斃。這樣，贏政順利地消滅了政權內部的兩大敵對勢力，鞏固了自身的地位。為了進一步鞏固君主權力，贏政選用了一批精明強干酌文臣武將，如掌握軍事的尉繚，攀管國歐的李斯。接著，贏政制定了遠交近攻、離間外敵、各個擊破的戰賂方針，開始統一中國，結束了春秋戰國以來長達500多年各諸侯國割據稱雄的混亂局面。從公元前230年到公元前221年，在不到io年的時間里，泰國滅亡了6國，終于完成了統一大業，建立了第一個中央集權的封建國家，為封建社會經濟、政治、思想文化的迅速發展奠定了基礎。這又一次顯示了贏政的維才大賂。
贏政稱自己為始皇帝．因為他希望他的子孫后代能把他所創立的政權干代萬代傳下去。為此．他整頓了官僚制度。第一．從中央到地方的官吏全由他親自任免；第二，廢除分封制，推行郡縣制。第三．秦始皇還統一了法律、文字、貨幣、度量衡等。這些措施極大地推動了封建社會政治、經濟、文化的發展。另外，他還征用勞役，廣修馳道，使各地交通便利，以利經濟文化的交流。他將戰國時期秦、趙、燕三國修筑的長城連在一起后．又加以擴展，形成了西起甘肅臨挑，東到遼東因石的萬里長城，有效地遏制tjb方游牧部族對案朝的騷擾。
中國皇帝大都為自己營造巨大而豪華的陵墓。在這一點上，案始皇也不例外。在他13歲剛即位時，就下令為其修建陵墓。這座原高120米．周長2000多米的巨大陵丘、雖經風雨侵蝕和人為破壞，現在仍有76米之高，g長400多米之大．案始皇把都城威陽微縮于自己的陵園內，其布局幾乎完全相同。陵園內城西北部為獻殿建筑區，陵東北部洼地是用以祭記的養魚池，陵園外城西北角是石料加工場．陵西外城之外是一個大墳場。據史書記載，秦朝全國總人口約2000萬，壯丁不過700萬，而筑陵時，壯丁最多達70萬，可見工程之浩大。
案始皇的陵寢如同一座龐大的地下宮殿，真可謂是一座地下“福地天堂”。墓室屋頂有天文星宿圖，t是由各種均餡生輝的珠寶構成的，下邊有五岳、九州以及由機械驅動水銀構成的江河湖海。另外，還沒有讓百官朝拜案始皇的大廳。為防止盜威，每座墓門上都安有自動發射的弓箭。整個陵墓可以說是一個金碧輝煌，固若金湯的地下王官。案始皇把生前所享受的一切也搬到了地下．供他在另一個世界繼續享用。他連那些為他伴駕b不曾生育的宮女，以及辛勤修建地下陵寢的工匠們都不放過．下令在他人殆時，將這些人統統活埋，為的是不讓宮女外嫁他人，不讓陵寢內的秘密泄露。
現在，我們面對的是秦俑館一號坑，坑里就是號稱“世界第八大奇跡”的秦兵馬俑。面對威武整肅的龐大軍陣，你們的腦子里一定會閃現如下問題：這些秦傭是怎么發現的？為什么他們的相貌各異？為什么要制作這些俑？1、2、3號坑里共有多少俑等等。好，現在我就一一回答大家的這些問題。
這些俑是1974年3月西楊村農民們在打井的過程中發現的。據村里的老人講．早在明朝，就有人在這里發現了秦俑。有一天，住在村里的難民在村外空地上訂了一口井，井水清澈，甚是喜人，可是第二天他們卻發現井底的水不見了。他們中膽大的腰系繩子，下去查看。不一會兒．井里傳來驚叫聲，上面的人暖緊把井里的人拉上來。這人說，他看見一個站立著的、身穿盔甲的怪物．伸手要抓他。聽者都非常害怕，想趕快用土回填那口井。但他們最終決定報告文物部門。
經過考古專家們的勘探、鑒定．秦捅館內的t、2、3號坑被確認為案始皇棱的陪葬坑。從1974年到1979年，經過5年的艱苦努力，在1號坑遺址上矗立起一座氣勢宏偉、結構科學的建筑物。這就是1979年10月對國內外游客開放的素兵馬俑1號坑。3號坑在1989年9月27日——世界旅游日對外開放。現在，在2號坑的遺址上，一座大理石建筑又落成了，它于1994年11月開始接待游客。從此，3個俑坑全都被保護在建筑物里，不再經受風吹日曬雨淋。在供游人觀看、懷古的同時，考古工作者們還在這里繼續發掘整理兵馬俑。
經測量，1號坑東西長330米，南北寬62米，面積4260平方米。侗坑的最東端是3gf面向東的武士，每排7個，共210個捅。他們是部隊的前鋒。前鋒部隊的后面為部隊的主體，他們被誹成38路縱隊，站在11個坑道里。每個坑道都是青磚鋪地，坑道內例的兩邊，每隔2米就有1根立柱。這些立柱支撐著木質屋頂，屋頂上是織成“人”字形的紋席．席上是土。整個坑道距地表5米深。另外，在坑道的南、北、西三面備有一列面向外的武士．他們分別是部隊的右翼、左翼和后衛。現在，1號坑已出土1000多件陶桶。根據推剿．全部發掘完后．僅1號坑就將出土6000多個兵馬桶。
這里是1994年11月開放的2號坑。它是由車兵、騎兵和步兵構成的曲尺形方陣。估計可出土兵侗1000多件，車馬和鞍馬500多匹。2號坑占地6000平方米。它東面突出部分為一個小方陣，6334個彎兵桶組成。2號坑南部為64乘戰車組成納方陣，每排有8輛戰車，共8誹；中部為19輛戰車和隨車徒手兵涌；北部是戰車和騎兵。北部是由戰車6乘、鞍馬和騎兵各124件組成的騎兵陣。
現在，我們來到了3號坑，它位于2號坑西邊25米處。這個坑是1976年發現的。它里凹字形，占地520平方米。在3號坑里，考古專家們只發現1輛戰車和64件武士捅。它們兩兩相對站立，手捏儀衛兵器曼(sh6)。大多數考古專家認為，從這個坑里武士的排列方式和手中所握的兵器，以及該坑與秦陵的位置來判斷，3號坑是整個軍陣的指揮部。據估計，等1、2、3導坑全部開損后，將出土8000多件陶佰。這些佰相貌各異：有的沉穩剛毅，有的英勇果敢，有的慈善含笑。可謂楊楊如生，神情各異。因為，它們全是根據秦始皇徹林軍中的將士們制作的，因此，在8000“地下御林軍”中，彌絕對找不到兩個相貌、形體相同的捅。他們一個個氣廢不凡，最重的有300多公斤，員輕的也有100多公斤，身高從1．7米到1．9米不等。如果大家仔細觀瞧，不難分辨出兵桶中履些是陜酉人，娜些是四川人，哪些是甘肅東部人。這從他們的胡須梳理方式和長相即可看出。我們很多人在電影中都見過日本人的“仁丹須”．其實，案便中就有蓄仁丹胡酌，可見，這并不是日本人的發明，早在2000多年前，中國就有人留這種胡須了。
那些穿窄袖戰袍外套，披掛齊腰短甲，腳登緊帶獸皮鞋，頭戴防風婦的，顯然是機警的騎兵。那個左腳著地，s膝弓起，右腿脆地，有腳底向后翹起的為跪射佰。
他雙目乎視前方，神情專注。這個涌鞋底的針角，兩頭細致續密．中間疏稀．完全符合歷支真實。在五六十年代的陜西農村，很多農民仍喜歡穿這種掛、只是鞋尖不向上朗翹而已。幾乎每個捅的衣襟上都刻有工匠的姓名，這符合“物勒工名，以考其誠”的制度。我們今天實行的產品質量監督管理制度，秦人2000年前就已采用了。
涌坑中約馬屑典型的河西走廊馬。它身高l 5米，長2米，分為頭、頸、軀干和腿四部分。腿為實心，軀干中空，分段燒制，再組合在一起廈門到重慶包車。馬的兩耳宜立，體型健壯優美。由此可看出，秦人不愧為養馬世族。大家也許要問秦始皇為什么要為他制作數量如此之多的兵馬桶呢?它們是怎樣燒制成的呢?原來，秦始皇曾想用4000童男童女為其殉葬。他降旨令李斯承辦此事。李斯心中懼怕．未敢馬上執行此令。因為，6造秦腔．建筑長城已惹得民怨沸騰，再讓如此眾多的童男室女殉葬，豈不是火上澆油嗎?他將來恐怕也死無葬身之地。于是，李斯向美始皇建議；制作與其人真馬一樣大小的兵馬桶，守護其亡靈，以壯聲威。聞聽此官，秦始皇大喜，他重新降旨，讓李斯征集全國的能工巧匠．以他的8060御林軍為原型．q作陶佰。這些桶必須手握實戰兵器按實戰隊形排列，秦始皇再三囑咐李斯，此事萬不能叫御林軍知道。因為秦朝民間流傳一個說法，如果一個人被別人復制成柄．其魂也就被勾走了．這可是大忌。案始皇當然不愿惹怒他喜愛的曰林軍了。工匠們紛紛去找詢林軍中自己的親戚、朋友、老鄉、熟人，仔細觀察其容貌特征，并默記于心。回去后，工匠們用模壓、塑捏、刻畫、貼條等手法制成陶佰，然后放在窯里燒。可是，放進去的陶佰全都被燒炸了，工匠們百思不解其中原因。后來，一個工匠為發泄對監工的仇恨，把制好的監工陶涌的頭去掉，將其四肢“削”去，用手“掏凈”其內臟，放到窯里分段燒。這一次竟沒炸窯。他把頭和四肢裝在佰身上，一個活生生的監工出現了。，由此，工匠們開始了大規模的制捅工程。8000御林軍捅就這樣被造了出來。
當然，案兵馬桶是借龐大的軍隊，來顯示秦始皇滅六國、建立統一帝目的雄心壯志酌。這些兵涌手執短兵器、長兵器和遠射兵器，如劍、銥、吳鉤、矛t戈、曼、裁、鉸、弓、彎等。這些兵器主要是用銅和錫做成的，經分析里邊還含有其它13種稀有金屬。為防止兵器生銹，案人在兵器表面徐有一層鉻鹽氧化物，這種鍍鉻技術在本世紀20年代才由檀國人發明出來，而我國在2000多年前就開始在兵器上鍍鉻，這實在令人嘆跟。現已出土的彎機，分小、中、大三種類型。前兩種舀機，案兵用手拉弓弦就可以，而大型彎機，榮兵必須借助杠桿．才能將弓弦拉到扳機上。大型露機的射程為600多米，可比得上一支老式步槍了。
這是1980年在案陵西邊18米處發現的兩乘青銅車馬。一號車馬為駟馬高車，二號車馬為騾馬安車。韌發現時，這兩乘車馬破損嚴重，尤其是供秦始皇靈魂乘坐的安車，已破碎成1500多片．經考古工作者修復后，現在，它們看上去完好如韌。兩乘車的車、馬、人都是仿照真車、真馬、真人，按比例縮小二分之一制成的，僅安車上金銀飾物就有1720件，重達7公斤。鋼車馬給人的不僅是藝術享受，更為重要的是．它們具有重要的歷史價值和科學價值。銅車馬是我們了解、研究秦朝車制、冶金鑄造技術、工藝水平等不可多得的實物資科。雖然．英雄一世，創立無數偉績的秦始皇——贏政早已去世2000多年了，但是，他的偉績，以及現存的兵馬桶留給人們的思考是什么呢?或者說，我們能從上述事物中吸取些什么呢?我想，敢創歷史先河、為國家統一不懼死亡的鋁賂和勇氣是我們應該吸取和仿效的。一代偉人贏政橫掃六國、統一中國的非凡氣度和魄力仍不失為我們今天克服前進路上的障礙的巨大動力。一個民族．一個國家想要富強，沒有這種氣魄是不行的!
三、我是一名導游,我要介紹秦兵馬俑,應該怎么介紹
陜西西安秦始皇兵馬俑博物館導游詞
今天，我們將參觀秦兵馬俑博物館。秦兵馬俑博物館位于酉安市東35公里處，從喜來登酒店坐車到那里大約需要50分鐘時間。自秦兵馬俑博物館于1979年10月1日開館至今，已有為效眾多國家的黨政首腦都參觀過這個博物館，更有數以百萬計的中外游客不遠干里來參觀這個人類奇跡。法國總統希拉克曾留言說過：“世界上原有七大奇跡，秦兵馬俑的發現，可以說是第八大奇跡了。不看金字塔．不算真正到過埃及‘不看秦俑，不算真正到過中國。”美國前副總統蒙代爾也說；“這是真正的奇跡。全世界人民都應該到這里看一看。”從這些高度凝練的話語中，我們不難看出秦俑的歷史價值及藝術價值。下面，我想把秦始皇這位成就一代偉業的歷史巨人介紹給諸位，以便使大家能對秦始皇兵馬俑和與之相關的歷史有一個較詳盡的了解。
談秦兵馬俑，必須先介紹一下面贏政。公元前259年，一代偉人贏政誕生了。13歲時，其父死后．他繼承了王位。按照泰國慣例．國王在22歲舉行過“加冕禮”以后，才可以親自執政。當時．秦國的大權仍攀握在太后、相國呂不韋、宦官謬癟(160 6i)手中。特別是螺貞．手握大權，炙手可熱，他見宛改逐漸長大，便陰謀叛亂．奪取政權。公元前238年，22歲的贏政去故都雍城納新年宮舉行加冕禮。謬酉在從霸年宮回咸陽的路上埋下伏兵，準備將贏政殺死。當贏政察覺此事后，憑優勢兵力訂敗鑼盔，將其生擒并車裂致死。贏政親致以后．以呂不韋放縱嫁亮為名，放逐日不韋。呂不韋后來飲毒灑自斃。這樣，贏政順利地消滅了政權內部的兩大敵對勢力，鞏固了自身的地位。
為了進一步鞏固君主權力，贏政選用了一批精明強干酌文臣武將，如掌握軍事的尉繚，攀管國歐的李斯。接著，贏政制定了遠交近攻、離間外敵、各個擊破的戰賂方針，開始統一中國，結束了春秋戰國以來長達500多年各諸侯國割據稱雄的混亂局面。從公元前230年到公元前221年，在不到io年的時間里，泰國滅亡了6國，終于完成了統一大業，建立了第一個中央集權的封建國家，為封建社會經濟、政治、思想文化的迅速發展奠定了基礎。這又一次顯示了贏政的維才大賂。
贏政稱自己為始皇帝．因為他希望他的子孫后代能把他所創立的政權干代萬代傳下去。為此．他整頓了官僚制度。第一．從中央到地方的官吏全由他親自任免；第二，廢除分封制，推行郡縣制。第三．秦始皇還統一了法律、文字、貨幣、度量衡等。這些措施極大地推動了封建社會政治、經濟、文化的發展。另外，他還征用勞役，廣修馳道，使各地交通便利，以利經濟文化的交流。他將戰國時期秦、趙、燕三國修筑的長城連在一起后．又加以擴展，形成了西起甘肅臨挑，東到遼東因石的萬里長城，有效地遏制tjb方游牧部族對案朝的騷擾。
中國皇帝大都為自己營造巨大而豪華的陵墓。在這一點上，案始皇也不例外。在他13歲剛即位時，就下令為其修建陵墓。這座原高120米．周長2000多米的巨大陵丘、雖經風雨侵蝕和人為破壞，現在仍有76米之高，g長400多米之大．案始皇把都城威陽微縮于自己的陵園內，其布局幾乎完全相同。陵園內城西北部為獻殿建筑區，陵東北部洼地是用以祭記的養魚池，陵園外城西北角是石料加工場．陵西外城之外是一個大墳場。據史書記載，秦朝全國總人口約2000萬，壯丁不過700萬，而筑陵時，壯丁最多達70萬，可見工程之浩大。
案始皇的陵寢如同一座龐大的地下宮殿，真可謂是一座地下“福地天堂”。墓室屋頂有天文星宿圖，t是由各種均餡生輝的珠寶構成的，下邊有五岳、九州以及由機械驅動水銀構成的江河湖海。另外，還沒有讓百官朝拜案始皇的大廳。為防止盜威，每座墓門上都安有自動發射的弓箭。整個陵墓可以說是一個金碧輝煌，固若金湯的地下王官。案始皇把生前所享受的一切也搬到了地下．供他在另一個世界繼續享用。他連那些為他伴駕b不曾生育的宮女，以及辛勤修建地下陵寢的工匠們都不放過．下令在他人殆時，將這些人統統活埋，為的是不讓宮女外嫁他人，不讓陵寢內的秘密泄露。
現在，我們面對的是秦俑館一號坑，坑里就是號稱“世界第八大奇跡”的秦兵馬俑。面對威武整肅的龐大軍陣，你們的腦子里一定會閃現如下問題：這些秦傭是怎么發現的？為什么他們的相貌各異？為什么要制作這些俑？1、2、3號坑里共有多少俑等等。好，現在我就一一回答大家的這些問題。
這些俑是1974年3月西楊村農民們在打井的過程中發現的。據村里的老人講．早在明朝，就有人在這里發現了秦俑。有一天，住在村里的難民在村外空地上訂了一口井，井水清澈，甚是喜人，可是第二天他們卻發現井底的水不見了。他們中膽大的腰系繩子，下去查看。不一會兒．井里傳來驚叫聲，上面的人暖緊把井里的人拉上來。這人說，他看見一個站立著的、身穿盔甲的怪物．伸手要抓他。聽者都非常害怕，想趕快用土回填那口井。但他們最終決定報告文物部門。
經過考古專家們的勘探、鑒定．秦捅館內的t、2、3號坑被確認為案始皇棱的陪葬坑。從1974年到1979年，經過5年的艱苦努力，在1號坑遺址上矗立起一座氣勢宏偉、結構科學的建筑物。這就是1979年10月對國內外游客開放的素兵馬俑1號坑。3號坑在1989年9月27日——世界旅游日對外開放。現在，在2號坑的遺址上，一座大理石建筑又落成了，它于1994年11月開始接待游客。從此，3個俑坑全都被保護在建筑物里，不再經受風吹日曬雨淋。在供游人觀看、懷古的同時，考古工作者們還在這里繼續發掘整理兵馬俑。
經測量，1號坑東西長330米，南北寬62米，面積4260平方米。侗坑的最東端是3gf面向東的武士，每排7個，共210個捅。他們是部隊的前鋒。前鋒部隊的后面為部隊的主體，他們被誹成38路縱隊，站在11個坑道里。每個坑道都是青磚鋪地，坑道內例的兩邊，每隔2米就有1根立柱。這些立柱支撐著木質屋頂，屋頂上是織成“人”字形的紋席．席上是土。整個坑道距地表5米深。另外，在坑道的南、北、西三面備有一列面向外的武士．他們分別是部隊的右翼、左翼和后衛。現在，1號坑已出土1000多件陶桶。根據推剿．全部發掘完后．僅1號坑就將出土6000多個兵馬桶。
這里是1994年11月開放的2號坑。它是由車兵、騎兵和步兵構成的曲尺形方陣。估計可出土兵侗1000多件，車馬和鞍馬500多匹。2號坑占地6000平方米。它東面突出部分為一個小方陣，6334個彎兵桶組成。2號坑南部為64乘戰車組成納方陣，每排有8輛戰車，共8誹；中部為19輛戰車和隨車徒手兵涌；北部是戰車和騎兵。北部是由戰車6乘、鞍馬和騎兵各124件組成的騎兵陣。
現在，我們來到了3號坑，它位于2號坑西邊25米處。這個坑是1976年發現的。它里凹字形，占地520平方米。在3號坑里，考古專家們只發現1輛戰車和64件武士捅。它們兩兩相對站立，手捏儀衛兵器曼(sh6)。大多數考古專家認為，從這個坑里武士的排列方式和手中所握的兵器，以及該坑與秦陵的位置來判斷，3號坑是整個軍陣的指揮部。據估計，等1、2、3導坑全部開損后，將出土8000多件陶佰。這些佰相貌各異：有的沉穩剛毅，有的英勇果敢，有的慈善含笑。可謂楊楊如生，神情各異。因為，它們全是根據秦始皇徹林軍中的將士們制作的，因此，在8000“地下御林軍”中，彌絕對找不到兩個相貌、形體相同的捅。他們一個個氣廢不凡，最重的有300多公斤，員輕的也有100多公斤，身高從1．7米到1．9米不等。如果大家仔細觀瞧，不難分辨出兵桶中履些是陜酉人，娜些是四川人，哪些是甘肅東部人。這從他們的胡須梳理方式和長相即可看出。我們很多人在電影中都見過日本人的“仁丹須”．其實，案便中就有蓄仁丹胡酌，可見，這并不是日本人的發明，早在2000多年前，中國就有人留這種胡須了。
那些穿窄袖戰袍外套，披掛齊腰短甲，腳登緊帶獸皮鞋，頭戴防風婦的，顯然是機警的騎兵。那個左腳著地，s膝弓起，右腿脆地，有腳底向后翹起的為跪射佰。
他雙目乎視前方，神情專注。這個涌鞋底的針角，兩頭細致續密．中間疏稀．完全符合歷支真實。在五六十年代的陜西農村，很多農民仍喜歡穿這種掛、只是鞋尖不向上朗翹而已。幾乎每個捅的衣襟上都刻有工匠的姓名，這符合“物勒工名，以考其誠”的制度。我們今天實行的產品質量監督管理制度，秦人2000年前就已采用了。
涌坑中約馬屑典型的河西走廊馬。它身高l 5米，長2米，分為頭、頸、軀干和腿四部分。腿為實心，軀干中空，分段燒制，再組合在一起。馬的兩耳宜立，體型健壯優美。由此可看出，秦人不愧為養馬世族。大家也許要問秦始皇為什么要為他制作數量如此之多的兵馬桶呢?它們是怎樣燒制成的呢?原來，秦始皇曾想用4000童男童女為其殉葬。他降旨令李斯承辦此事。李斯心中懼怕．未敢馬上執行此令。因為，6造秦腔．建筑長城已惹得民怨沸騰，再讓如此眾多的童男室女殉葬，豈不是火上澆油嗎?他將來恐怕也死無葬身之地。于是，李斯向美始皇建議；制作與其人真馬一樣大小的兵馬桶，守護其亡靈，以壯聲威。聞聽此官，秦始皇大喜，他重新降旨，讓李斯征集全國的能工巧匠．以他的8060御林軍為原型．q作陶佰。這些桶必須手握實戰兵器按實戰隊形排列，秦始皇再三囑咐李斯，此事萬不能叫御林軍知道。因為秦朝民間流傳一個說法，如果一個人被別人復制成柄．其魂也就被勾走了．這可是大忌。案始皇當然不愿惹怒他喜愛的曰林軍了。工匠們紛紛去找詢林軍中自己的親戚、朋友、老鄉、熟人，仔細觀察其容貌特征，并默記于心。回去后，工匠們用模壓、塑捏、刻畫、貼條等手法制成陶佰，然后放在窯里燒廈門導游。可是，放進去的陶佰全都被燒炸了，工匠們百思不解其中原因。后來，一個工匠為發泄對監工的仇恨，把制好的監工陶涌的頭去掉，將其四肢“削”去，用手“掏凈”其內臟，放到窯里分段燒。這一次竟沒炸窯。他把頭和四肢裝在佰身上，一個活生生的監工出現了。，由此，工匠們開始了大規模的制捅工程。8000御林軍捅就這樣被造了出來。
當然，案兵馬桶是借龐大的軍隊，來顯示秦始皇滅六國、建立統一帝目的雄心壯志酌。這些兵涌手執短兵器、長兵器和遠射兵器，如劍、銥、吳鉤、矛t戈、曼、裁、鉸、弓、彎等。這些兵器主要是用銅和錫做成的，經分析里邊還含有其它13種稀有金屬。為防止兵器生銹，案人在兵器表面徐有一層鉻鹽氧化物，這種鍍鉻技術在本世紀20年代才由檀國人發明出來，而我國在2000多年前就開始在兵器上鍍鉻，這實在令人嘆跟。現已出土的彎機，分小、中、大三種類型。前兩種舀機，案兵用手拉弓弦就可以，而大型彎機，榮兵必須借助杠桿．才能將弓弦拉到扳機上。大型露機的射程為600多米，可比得上一支老式步槍了。
這是1980年在案陵西邊18米處發現的兩乘青銅車馬。一號車馬為駟馬高車，二號車馬為騾馬安車。韌發現時，這兩乘車馬破損嚴重，尤其是供秦始皇靈魂乘坐的安車，已破碎成1500多片．經考古工作者修復后，現在，它們看上去完好如韌。兩乘車的車、馬、人都是仿照真車、真馬、真人，按比例縮小二分之一制成的，僅安車上金銀飾物就有1720件，重達7公斤。鋼車馬給人的不僅是藝術享受，更為重要的是．它們具有重要的歷史價值和科學價值。銅車馬是我們了解、研究秦朝車制、冶金鑄造技術、工藝水平等不可多得的實物資科。雖然．英雄一世，創立無數偉績的秦始皇——贏政早已去世2000多年了，但是，他的偉績，以及現存的兵馬桶留給人們的思考是什么呢?或者說，我們能從上述事物中吸取些什么呢?我想，敢創歷史先河、為國家統一不懼死亡的鋁賂和勇氣是我們應該吸取和仿效的。一代偉人贏政橫掃六國、統一中國的非凡氣度和魄力仍不失為我們今天克服前進路上的障礙的巨大動力。一個民族．一個國家想要富強，沒有這種氣魄是不行的!
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum
Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.
In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.
After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”
Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.
No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.
No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep, covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are supposed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.
No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.
No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.
The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.
Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.廈門鼓浪嶼導游
In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.
The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.
No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.
